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Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps / Yann Vitasse in Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 96 (5) (October 2021) 

Public Citation [article]  inBiological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society > 96 (5) (October 2021) . - 1816-1835 Titre : Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps Type de document : Électronique Auteurs : Yann Vitasse (1981-) ; Sylvain Ursenbacher ; Geoffrey Klein ; Thierry Bohnenstengel ; Yannick Chittaro ; Anne Delestrade ; Christian Monnerat ; Martine Rebetez ; Christian Rixen (1969-) ; Nicolas Strebel ; Benedikt Schmidt ; Sonja Wipf ; Thomas Wohlgemuth ; Gilles Nigel Yoccoz (1964-) ; Jonathan Lenoir Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : 1816-1835 Catégories : [LOTERRE-Biodiversité] Changement climatique [CBNPMP-Géographique] Alpes [CBNPMP-Thématique] Variabilité phénologique Résumé : Mountain areas are biodiversity hotspots and provide a multitude of ecosystem services of irreplaceable socio-economic value. In the European Alps, air temperature has increased at a rate of about 0.36°C per decade since 1970, leading to glacier retreat and significant snowpack reduction. Due to these rapid environmental changes, this mountainous region is undergoing marked changes in spring phenology and elevational distribution of animals, plants and fungi. Long-term monitoring in the European Alps offers an excellent natural laboratory to synthetize climate-related changes in spring phenology and elevational distribution for a large array of taxonomic groups. This review assesses the climatic changes that have occurred across the European Alps during recent decades, spring phenological changes and upslope shifts of plants, animals and fungi from evidence in published papers and previously unpublished data. Our review provides evidence that spring phenology has been shifting earlier during the past four decades and distribution ranges show an upwards trend for most of the taxonomic groups for which there are sufficient data. The first observed activity of reptiles and terrestrial insects (e.g. butterflies) in spring has shifted significantly earlier, at an average rate of −5.7 and −6.0 days/decade, respectively. By contrast, the first observed spring activity of semi-aquatic insects (e.g. dragonflies and damselflies) and amphibians, as well as the singing activity or laying dates of resident birds, show smaller non-significant trends ranging from −1.0 to +1.3 days/decade. Leaf-out and flowering of woody and herbaceous plants showed intermediate trends with mean values of −2.4 and −2.8 days/decade, respectively. Regarding species distribution, plants, animals and fungi (N = 2133 species) shifted the elevation of maximum abundance (optimum elevation) upslope at a similar pace (on average between +18 and +25 m/decade) but with substantial differences among taxa. For example, the optimum elevation shifted upward by +36.2 m/decade for terrestrial insects and +32.7 m/decade for woody plants, whereas it was estimated to range between −1.0 and +11 m/decade for semi-aquatic insects, ferns, birds and wood-decaying fungi. The upper range limit (leading edge) of most species also shifted upslope with a rate clearly higher for animals (from +47 to +91 m/decade) than for plants (from +17 to +40 m/decade), except for semi-aquatic insects (−4.7 m/decade). Although regional land-use changes could partly explain some trends, the consistent upward shift found in almost all taxa all over the Alps is likely reflecting the strong warming and the receding of snow cover that has taken place across the European Alps over recent decades. However, with the possible exception of terrestrial insects, the upward shift of organisms seems currently too slow to track the pace of isotherm shifts induced by climate warming, estimated at about +62 to +71 m/decade since 1970. In the light of these results, species interactions are likely to change over multiple trophic levels through phenological and spatial mismatches. This nascent research field deserves greater attention to allow us to anticipate structural and functional changes better at the ecosystem level. Lien pérenne : DOI : 10.1111/brv.12727 / HAL : hal-03286102 Permalink : https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148060 Vitasse, Yann (1981-), Ursenbacher, Sylvain, Klein, Geoffrey, Bohnenstengel, Thierry, Chittaro, Yannick, Delestrade, Anne, Monnerat, Christian, Rebetez, Martine, Rixen, Christian (1969-), Strebel, Nicolas, Schmidt, Benedikt, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Yoccoz, Gilles Nigel (1964-), Lenoir, Jonathan 2021 Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 96(5): 1816-1835.

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Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species / Yann Vitasse in Functional Ecology, (2010) 

Public Citation [article]  inFunctional Ecology > (2010) . - 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x Titre : Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species Type de document : Électronique Auteurs : Yann Vitasse (1981-) ; Caroline C Bresson ; Antoine Kremer (1951-) ; Richard Michalet ; Sylvain Delzon (1977-) Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : [CBNPMP-Thématique] Phénologie [CBNPMP-Thématique] Rôle de la températur en physiologie végétale Résumé : 1. Phenotypic plasticity allows large shifts in the timing of phenology within one single generation and drives phenotypic variability under environmental changes, thus it will enhance the inherent adaptive capacities of plants against future changes of climate. 2. Using five common gardens set along an altitudinal gradient (100–1600 m asl.), we experimentally examined the phenotypic plasticity of leaf phenology in response to temperature increase for two temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea). We used seedlings from three populations of each species inhabiting different altitudes (400, 800 and 1200 m asl.). Leaf unfolding in spring and leaf senescence in autumn were monitored on seedlings for 2 years. 3. Overall, a high phenological plasticity was found for both species. The reaction norms of leaf unfolding date to temperature linearly accelerated for both species with an average shift of −5·7 days per degree increase. Timing of leaf senescence exhibited hyperbolic trends for beech due to earlier senescence at the lowest elevation garden and no or slight trends for oak. There was no difference in the magnitude of phenological plasticity among populations from different elevations. For both species, the growing season length increased to reach maximum values at about 10–13 °C of annual temperature according to the population. 4. Since the magnitude of phenological plasticity is high for all the tested populations, they are likely to respond immediately to temperature variations in terms of leaf phenology. Consequently the mid- to high-elevation populations are likely to experience a longer growing season with climate warming. The results suggest that climate warming could lengthen the growing season of all populations over the altitudinal gradient, although the low-elevation populations, especially of beech, may experience accelerated senescence and shorter growing season due to drought and other climate changes associated with warming. Lien pérenne : DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x Permalink : https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=143436 Vitasse, Yann (1981-), Bresson, Caroline C, Kremer, Antoine (1951-), Michalet, Richard, Delzon, Sylvain (1977-) 2010 Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species. Functional Ecology: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x.

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To what extent is altitudinal variation of functional traits driven by genetic adaptation in European oak and beech ? / Caroline C Bresson in Tree pysiology, 31 (11) (November 2011) 

Public Citation [article]  inTree pysiology > 31 (11) (November 2011) . - 1164-1174 Titre : To what extent is altitudinal variation of functional traits driven by genetic adaptation in European oak and beech ? Type de document : Électronique Auteurs : Caroline C Bresson ; Yann Vitasse (1981-) ; Antoine Kremer (1951-) ; Sylvain Delzon (1977-) Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : 1164-1174 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : [CBNPMP-Thématique] Adaptation au milieu [CBNPMP-Thématique] Adaptation au milieu et aux conditions de culture [CBNPMP-Thématique] Adaptation naturelle au climat, résistance Mots-clés : Quercus L., 1753  Fagus L., 1753 Résumé : The phenotypic responses of functional traits in natural populations are driven by genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. These two mechanisms enable trees to cope with rapid climate change. We studied two European temperate tree species (sessile oak and European beech), focusing on (i) in situ variations of leaf functional traits (morphological and physiological) along two altitudinal gradients and (ii) the extent to which these variations were under environmental and/or genetic control using a common garden experiment. For all traits, altitudinal trends tended to be highly consistent between species and transects. For both species, leaf mass per area displayed a positive linear correlation with altitude, whereas leaf size was negatively correlated with altitude. We also observed a significant increase in leaf physiological performance with increasing altitude: populations at high altitudes had higher maximum rates of assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen content than those at low altitudes. In the common garden experiment, genetic differentiation between populations accounted for 0-28% of total phenotypic variation. However, only two traits (leaf mass per area and nitrogen content) exhibited a significant cline. The combination of in situ and common garden experiments used here made it possible to demonstrate, for both species, a weaker effect of genetic variation than of variations in natural conditions, suggesting a strong effect of the environment on leaf functional traits. Finally, we demonstrated that intrapopulation variability was systematically higher than interpopulation variability, whatever the functional trait considered, indicating a high potential capacity to adapt to climate change. Lien pérenne : DOI : 10.1093/treephys/tpr084 Permalink : https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=143283 Bresson, Caroline C, Vitasse, Yann (1981-), Kremer, Antoine (1951-), Delzon, Sylvain (1977-) 2011 To what extent is altitudinal variation of functional traits driven by genetic adaptation in European oak and beech ? Tree pysiology, 31(11): 1164-1174.

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