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Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration / Richard F. Pywell in Journal of applied ecology, 40 ([01/01/2003]) 

Public Citation [article]  inJournal of applied ecology > 40 [01/01/2003] . - 65-77 Titre : Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration Type de document : Imprimé Auteurs : Richard F. Pywell ; James Bullock ; David Roy ; Liz Warman ; Kevin John Walker ; Peter Rothery Année de publication : 2003 Article en page(s) : 65-77 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : [CBNPMP-Thématique] Restauration des écosystèmes [CBNPMP-Thématique] Revégétalisation Résumé : 1 There are few studies of the performance of species in restored vegetation communities. Here we report the results of a meta-analysis of 25 experiments concerned with species-rich grassland restoration on ex-arable land and agriculturally improved grasslands situated at a wide range of locations throughout lowland Britain. Differences in species’ performance were related to 38 physiological and morphological traits. 2 An experiment-adjusted performance index was calculated for each of the 58 species (13 grasses and 45 forbs). The performance index was calculated for the first 4 years after establishment together with a temporal trend. 3 Individual species showed large differences in performance indices. However, grasses consistently out-performed forbs. 4 We examined the linkage between species’ performance and traits according to four non-exclusive hypotheses. The ability to establish and persist in restored vegetation communities requires: (H1) good gap colonization ability; (H2) strong competitive capability; and (H3) ability to undergo vegetative regeneration. (H4) Successful species are generalists associated with fertile habitats. 5 Trait analyses supported all four hypotheses. Within the forbs, good establishment in the first year was linked to traits determining colonization ability: ruderality, percentage germination of seeds and autumn germination. However, traits linked to competitive ability, vegetative growth and seed bank persistence became increasingly important determinants of success with time. Species with generalist habitat requirements, and especially those associated with fertile soils, performed increasingly well with time. This reflects the development of a closed vegetation in which the ability to grow vigorously and out-compete other established plants is important. 6 Stress-tolerators, habitat specialists and species of infertile habitats performed badly. This may reflect high residual fertility in restored grasslands and particular niche requirements of these species. This may be a problem as grassland restoration often targets communities characterized by species with these traits and many are food plants of invertebrates of conservation value. 7 There were few significant correlations between the performance of the grasses and traits reflecting their overall good performance in comparison with the forbs. 8 This study has important implications for practical restoration programmes and policies. Efficiency might be increased by introducing only species with good performance, but this would lead to uniformity among restored grasslands and would diminish the benefits of habitat restoration for national and regional biodiversity. 9 Synthesis and applications. Future work should focus on practical methods to increase the successful establishment of the poor performing but desirable species, by (i) targeting restoration to low fertility soils, (ii) changing the abiotic environment or (iii) the ‘phased introduction’ of species several years after restoration, when both the plant community is more stable and the environmental conditions are more favourable for establishment. Note de contenu : Lien pérenne : DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00762.x Permalink : https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148808 Pywell, Richard F., Bullock, James, Roy, David, Warman, Liz, Walker, Kevin John, Rothery, Peter 2003 Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration. Journal of applied ecology, 40: 65-77.

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Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops / Cathy Hawes in Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B, 358 (1439) (29/11/2003)  

Public Citation [article]  inPhilosophical Transactions Royal Society London B > 358 (1439) (29/11/2003) . - 1899-1913 Titre : Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops Type de document : Imprimé Auteurs : Cathy Hawes ; Alison J. Haughton ; Juliet L. Osborne ; D. B. Roy ; S. J. Clark ; J. N. Perry ; Peter Rothery ; David A. Bohan ; David R. Brooks ; Gillian T. Champion ; Alan Dewar ; Matthew S. Heard ; I. P. Woiwod ; R. E. Daniels ; Mark Young ; A. M. Parish ; Rod J. Scott ; Leslie George Firbank ; Geoffrey R. Squire Année de publication : 2003 Article en page(s) : 1899-1913 Langues : Anglais (eng) Résumé : Effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional crop management on invertebrate trophic groups (herbivores, detritivores, pollinators, predators and parasitoids) were compared in beet, maize and spring oilseed rape sites throughout the UK. These trophic groups were influenced by season, crop species and GMHT management. Many groups increased twofold to fivefold in abundance between early and late summer, and differed up to 10-fold between crop species. GMHT management superimposed relatively small (less than twofold), but consistent, shifts in plant and insect abundance, the extent and direction of these effects being dependent on the relative efficacies of comparable conventional herbicide regimes. In general, the biomass of weeds was reduced under GMHT management in beet and spring oilseed rape and increased in maize compared with conventional treatments. This change in resource availability had knock-on effects on higher trophic levels except in spring oilseed rape where herbivore resource was greatest. Herbivores, pollinators and natural enemies changed in abundance in the same directions as their resources, and detritivores increased in abundance under GMHT management across all crops. The result of the later herbicide application in GMHT treatments was a shift in resource from the herbivore food web to the detritivore food web. The Farm Scale Evaluations have demonstrated over 3 years and throughout the UK that herbivores, detritivores and many of their predators and parasitoids in arable systems are sensitive to the changes in weed communities that result from the introduction of new herbicide regimes. Lien pérenne : DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2003.1406 En ligne : https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2003.1406 Permalink : https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=141305 Hawes, Cathy, Haughton, Alison J., Osborne, Juliet L., Roy, D. B., Clark, S. J., Perry, J. N., Rothery, Peter, Bohan, David A., Brooks, David R., Champion, Gillian T., Dewar, Alan, Heard, Matthew S., Woiwod, I. P., Daniels, R. E., Young, Mark, Parish, A. M., Scott, Rod J., Firbank, Leslie George, Squire, Geoffrey R. 2003 Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide–tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B, 358(1439): 1899-1913.